This book provides readers with the latest developments in neuroscience research. Chapter One discusses the development of neurochemical characteristics of sensory neurons. Chapter Two reviews current knowledge regarding Mavridis\' area (MA) and its role as a modern stereotactic microanatomic guide for nucleus accumbens (NA) deep brain stimulation (DBS). Chapter Three describes the molecular mechanisms in response to exposure of the central nervous system (CNS) cells to the Ca2+ ionophores to increase the levels of intracellular free Ca2+ and consequently oxidative stress, and it also describes the roles of activation of the Ca2+-dependent proteases and intracellular pathways leading to induction of programmed cell death. Chapter Four reviews clinical features, epidemiology, genetics, physiopathology, management and advanced research on Frontotemporal Dementia and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). Chapter Five explores different terpenes and their role in signaling pathway modulating the progression of Alzheimer Disease. Chapter Six discusses the capability of and limitations in PET imaging research on non-human primates for translation to humans for brain aging research as well as therapeutic drug development for neurodegenerative diseases. Chapter Seven studies the imaging markers and prognostic significance of intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). Chapter Eight reviews clinical practices and surgical intervention for ICH.