Discoloration Defense is a layerable, daily-use dark spot corrector clinically proven to reduce the appearance of key types of skin discoloration, including hard-to-treat forms such as stubborn brown patches and post-acne marks. Formulated with 3% tranexamic acid, 1% kojic acid, 5% niacinamide, and 5% HEPES, this latest-generation formula improves the appearance of skin discoloration, brightens skin, and evens skin tone in as early as 2 weeks. Benefits: Features a synergistic blend of anti-discoloration ingredients to reduce the appearance of skin discoloration, improve brightness, and minimise the reoccurrence of discoloration (with continued use) 60% average improvement in the appearance of stubborn brown patches Paraben-, fragrance-, silicone-, gluten-, and hydroquinone-free Ideal at-home complement to professional skin discoloration treatments, such as chemical peels or non-ablative laser; always consult with a physician for individual regimen recommendations Directions: Twice daily, apply 3-5 drops of this skin discoloration serum to the face. If using in the morning, apply after a Skin Ceuticals vitamin C serum and follow with a Skin Ceuticals broad spectrum SPF 50+ sunscreen. Limit sun exposure while using this product. Do not use on irritated or broken skin. If irritation occurs, discontinue use. Ingredients: Aqua/Water, Butylene Glycol, Niacinamide, Hydroxyethylpiperazine Ethane Sulfonic Acid, Glycerin, Tranexamic Acid, Propylene Glycol, Hydroxyethyl Urea, Kojic Acid, Caprylyl Glycol, Allantoin, Chlorphenesin, Xanthan Gum, Disodium Edta.