This high-potency serum utilises active ingredients including Niacinamide and Hepes, which are clinically proven to reduce the appearance of key types of skin discoloration. The daily-use dark spot corrector improves the appearance of key types of skin discoloration, including stubborn brown patches and post-acne marks. Benefits of SkinCeuticals Discoloration Defense Serum: Discolouration & dark spot corrector Formulated with Niacinamide & Hepes Achieve brighter & more even-looking skin Target stubborn brown patches & post-acne marks Can be used daily Skin discolouration is caused by the production of melanin in skin\\\'s lowest epidermal layers, which then appears on skin\\\'s surface as discoloration, post-acne marks and stubborn pigmentation or brown patches on the cheekbones, forehead, and upper lip. The synergistic blend of discoloration fighting active ingredients help to reduce the appearance of skin discoloration, brighten skin and minimise reoccurring discolouration with continued use. The serum can be used twice daily and when used in the morning it is recommended to apply a Vitamin C serum first, followed by the Discoloration Defense Serum and finally SkinCeuticals broad spectrum SPF 50+ sunscreen. SkinCeuticals Discoloration Defense Serum is formulated with: 5% Niacinamide 5% Hepes SkinCeuticals Discoloration Defense Serum is free from parabens, fragrance, silicone, gluten and hydroquinone. During a 12-week clinical study, SkinCeuticals Discoloration Defense Serum significantly improved the appearance of key skin discoloration markers: 60% average improvement in the appearance of stubborn brown patches 59% average improvement in the appearance of skin discoloration 81% average improvement in the appearance of post-acne marks 59% average improvement in the appearance of even skin tone Details of clinical study: Average results shown. A 12-week, single-center, clinical study was conducted on 50 females, ages 25 to 60, Fitzpatrick I-IV, with mild to moderate facial skin discoloration, including stubborn dark spots, post-acne marks, and uneven skin tone. Discoloration Defense was applied to the face twice a day in conjunction with a sunscreen. Efficacy and tolerability evaluations were conducted at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. How to Use: Use twice daily - apply 3-5 drops of SkinCeuticals Discoloration Defense Serum to the face. If using in the morning, apply after a SkinCeuticals Vitamin C serum and follow with a SkinCeuticals broad spectrum SPF 50+ sunscreen. Limit sun exposure while using this product. Do not use on irritated or broken skin. If irritation occurs, discontinue use. Size: 30ml Please Note: This product can not be shipped outside of Europe.